Information About Testing for Toxic Chemicals in Synthetic Turf Field System Components.
sample treatment options prior to analysis
Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation (daylight)
The high-energy photons in Ultraviolet Radiation can attack the covalent, carbon-to-carbon backbone of polymers, breaking them into shorter chain polymers and/or "free radicals" which then react with other molecules in the environment. We see this degradation in pvc pipes that yellow in the sun, or plastic signs that fade after prolonged sun exposure.
Since these synthetic field materials will likely be installed with years of sun exposure ahead of them, it can be helpful to expose the materials being tested to sunlight prior to investigating for potential environmental contaminants.
Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) - Sometimes we want to know, ahead of time, whether or not a material will degrade such that precipitation that lands on it will carry pollutants into the surrounding environment. EPA "Method 1312 is designed to determine the mobility of both organic and inorganic analytes present in liquids, soils, and wastes."
For other recommended sample preparation and analysis procedure(s), please see pages 3-4 of the TetraTech report for the Martha's Vineyard Commission.
The high-energy photons in Ultraviolet Radiation can attack the covalent, carbon-to-carbon backbone of polymers, breaking them into shorter chain polymers and/or "free radicals" which then react with other molecules in the environment. We see this degradation in pvc pipes that yellow in the sun, or plastic signs that fade after prolonged sun exposure.
Since these synthetic field materials will likely be installed with years of sun exposure ahead of them, it can be helpful to expose the materials being tested to sunlight prior to investigating for potential environmental contaminants.
Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) - Sometimes we want to know, ahead of time, whether or not a material will degrade such that precipitation that lands on it will carry pollutants into the surrounding environment. EPA "Method 1312 is designed to determine the mobility of both organic and inorganic analytes present in liquids, soils, and wastes."
For other recommended sample preparation and analysis procedure(s), please see pages 3-4 of the TetraTech report for the Martha's Vineyard Commission.
METALS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Metals that have been found in testing include: Antimony, Barium, Lead, Selenium, and Zinc
Selenium is a rare metal used in rubber vulcanization processes, finding significant selenium in environmental samples without a clear industrial source can be indicative of (crumb) rubber contaminated runoff.
For recommended sample preparation and metals analysis procedure(s), and for the analytical data summary, please see pages 3 and 5-6, respectively, of the TetraTech report for the Martha's Vineyard Commission.
Environmental and Human Health, Inc. and Yale University analyzed metals in crumb rubber.
Selenium is a rare metal used in rubber vulcanization processes, finding significant selenium in environmental samples without a clear industrial source can be indicative of (crumb) rubber contaminated runoff.
For recommended sample preparation and metals analysis procedure(s), and for the analytical data summary, please see pages 3 and 5-6, respectively, of the TetraTech report for the Martha's Vineyard Commission.
Environmental and Human Health, Inc. and Yale University analyzed metals in crumb rubber.
| Yale_crumb_rubber_metals_summary_results.pdf |
| Artificial Turf - Exposures To Ground-Up Rubber Tires, Athletic Fields, Playgrounds, Gardening Mulch |
SEMI-VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SVOCS)
According to the EPA:
"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a group of chemicals that can readily transform into vapor (a gas) at lower temperatures. Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are more likely to be liquids or solids at lower temperatures. Some examples of products that include SVOCs are many pesticides, oil-based products, and fire retardants. SVOCs can deposit on outdoor surfaces. "
For recommended sample preparation and SVOCs analysis procedure(s) and for the analytical data summary, please see pages 3-4 and 6-7, respectively, of the TetraTech report for the Martha's Vineyard Commission.
"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a group of chemicals that can readily transform into vapor (a gas) at lower temperatures. Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are more likely to be liquids or solids at lower temperatures. Some examples of products that include SVOCs are many pesticides, oil-based products, and fire retardants. SVOCs can deposit on outdoor surfaces. "
For recommended sample preparation and SVOCs analysis procedure(s) and for the analytical data summary, please see pages 3-4 and 6-7, respectively, of the TetraTech report for the Martha's Vineyard Commission.
PER- AND POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES (PFAS)
The Lowell Center for Sustainable Production has published the following on Per- and Poly-fluoroalkyl Substances in Artificial Turf:
Previously, the Toxics Use Reduction Institute published
PFAS Test Methods (2020)
For recommended sample preparation and analysis procedure(s) and analytical data summary, please see pages 3-4 and 7-9, respectively, of the TetraTech report for the Martha's Vineyard Commission.
In 2021 EPA published Draft Method 1633 for the analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous, solids, biosolids, and tissue samples by LC-MS/MS, and were not available to TetraTech at the time of their analyses. This method may be useful on its own and after UV and/or SPLP pre-treatment.
- Review of Academic, Municipal, and other testing efforts (Aug 2024)
- PFAS Test Methods for Athletic Field System Components (July 2024, update of TURI 2020 doc)
Previously, the Toxics Use Reduction Institute published
PFAS Test Methods (2020)
For recommended sample preparation and analysis procedure(s) and analytical data summary, please see pages 3-4 and 7-9, respectively, of the TetraTech report for the Martha's Vineyard Commission.
In 2021 EPA published Draft Method 1633 for the analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous, solids, biosolids, and tissue samples by LC-MS/MS, and were not available to TetraTech at the time of their analyses. This method may be useful on its own and after UV and/or SPLP pre-treatment.
6PPD
From US EPA:
"Used for more than six decades as an additive in tires, 6PPD (chemical name: N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine) is also found in other rubber products such as footwear, synthetic turf infill, and synthetic playground surfaces. 6PPD reacts with ozone in the air to form 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-q), which EPA-funded research in 2020 found to be linked to the deaths of coho salmon in urban Puget Sound streams. Exposures occur when runoff containing the chemical is washed from parking lots and streets into streams and other bodies of water."
"EPA’s Office of Water, in partnership with EPA Region 10 and Eurofins Environment Testing – Sacramento, has published Draft Method 1634, an analytical procedure to test for 6PPD-q in surface water and stormwater."
"Used for more than six decades as an additive in tires, 6PPD (chemical name: N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine) is also found in other rubber products such as footwear, synthetic turf infill, and synthetic playground surfaces. 6PPD reacts with ozone in the air to form 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-q), which EPA-funded research in 2020 found to be linked to the deaths of coho salmon in urban Puget Sound streams. Exposures occur when runoff containing the chemical is washed from parking lots and streets into streams and other bodies of water."
"EPA’s Office of Water, in partnership with EPA Region 10 and Eurofins Environment Testing – Sacramento, has published Draft Method 1634, an analytical procedure to test for 6PPD-q in surface water and stormwater."
A Note about reporting limits, detection limits, and the wisdom to know the difference
In analytical chemistry, there are limits of detection (of both the instrumentation and laboratory method) and limits of quantitation; these are well described by the Department of Defense (pdf below). Analytes qualified by laboratories as "J values" on an analytical laboratory report are those that analyses whose concentrations are ABOVE the Detection Limit and positively identified in the sample, but are BELOW the Laboratory Reporting Limit (limit of quantitation in DoD literature) which is the lowest concentration that can be statistically reliably calculated with the experimental conditions as they were at the time of analysis.
Thus, these J value detections are PFAS that are POSITIVELY IDENTIFIED in the sample, but whose concentrations must be considered "estimated" because they fall below the Laboratory Reporting Limit for the day/time/sample/lab conditions under which the test was run.
This matters because when someone says an analyte was Non-Detect, that doesn't necessarily mean it was not present in the sample. The details of the reporting matter here, and a lot can be hiding behind the Reporting Limits.
A concentration that is QUANTIFIED is above the Laboratory Reporting Limit, meaning it is greater than the lowest concentration that can be statistically reliably calculated with the experimental conditions as they were at the time of analysis.
An analyte that is DETECTED but NOT QUANTIFIED has been positively detected, but has had its concentration estimated given the experimental conditions as they were at the time of analysis.
Thus, these J value detections are PFAS that are POSITIVELY IDENTIFIED in the sample, but whose concentrations must be considered "estimated" because they fall below the Laboratory Reporting Limit for the day/time/sample/lab conditions under which the test was run.
This matters because when someone says an analyte was Non-Detect, that doesn't necessarily mean it was not present in the sample. The details of the reporting matter here, and a lot can be hiding behind the Reporting Limits.
A concentration that is QUANTIFIED is above the Laboratory Reporting Limit, meaning it is greater than the lowest concentration that can be statistically reliably calculated with the experimental conditions as they were at the time of analysis.
An analyte that is DETECTED but NOT QUANTIFIED has been positively detected, but has had its concentration estimated given the experimental conditions as they were at the time of analysis.
| DoD_fact_sheet.pdf |
Results from Community Testing
Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent in the environment, bioaccumulate, are toxic, and biomagnify in the food web. PFAS are used for many purposes including use as “polymer processing additives”, or “slip agents” in the manufacture of plastics, including artificial turf carpets.
MARTHA's Vineyard Regional High School, Oak Bluffs, MA
Testing of artificial turf field components performed for the Martha’s Vineyard Commission resulted in measurable PFAS quantities after performing the EPA standard leaching procedure and PFAS analysis.
Round 1 PFAS test results revealed detectable PFAS concentrations for PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFDS, and 6:2 FTS. Charts below.
Round 1 testing also found significant doses of the plasticizer Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and Phenol in the artificial turf as well.
Round 2 testing revealed significant post-oxidation PFBA concentrations, indicating the presence of shorter chain PFAS present in the turf sample - not all of which are regulated or captured in an EPA 537 test. (Additionally, the post-oxidation PFHpA from the Brockfill is concerning.)
These results prompted Tetra Tech to estimate 12ppt concentration for stormwater leachate in their final report.
1. Phase I Martha's Vineyard Commission Report Retrieved on 3/12/23 from: HTTPS://WWW.MVCOMMISSION.ORG/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/DOCS/ALPHA_ANALYTICAL_REPORT_1-7-21.PDF
2. TetraTech Final Report for Martha's Vineyard Commission Retrieved on 3/12/23 from:
https://www.mvcommission.org/sites/default/files/docs/2021-02-26%20%28TurfAnalysisReport_FINAL%29.pdf
3. Horsley Whitten review of TetraTech Report for Martha's Vineyard Commission Retrieved on 3/12/23 from:
https://www.mvcommission.org/sites/default/files/docs/210301_Turf%20Laboratory%20Testing%20Report%20Review_HWSIGNED%281%29.pdf
Round 1 PFAS test results revealed detectable PFAS concentrations for PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFDS, and 6:2 FTS. Charts below.
Round 1 testing also found significant doses of the plasticizer Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and Phenol in the artificial turf as well.
Round 2 testing revealed significant post-oxidation PFBA concentrations, indicating the presence of shorter chain PFAS present in the turf sample - not all of which are regulated or captured in an EPA 537 test. (Additionally, the post-oxidation PFHpA from the Brockfill is concerning.)
These results prompted Tetra Tech to estimate 12ppt concentration for stormwater leachate in their final report.
1. Phase I Martha's Vineyard Commission Report Retrieved on 3/12/23 from: HTTPS://WWW.MVCOMMISSION.ORG/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/DOCS/ALPHA_ANALYTICAL_REPORT_1-7-21.PDF
2. TetraTech Final Report for Martha's Vineyard Commission Retrieved on 3/12/23 from:
https://www.mvcommission.org/sites/default/files/docs/2021-02-26%20%28TurfAnalysisReport_FINAL%29.pdf
3. Horsley Whitten review of TetraTech Report for Martha's Vineyard Commission Retrieved on 3/12/23 from:
https://www.mvcommission.org/sites/default/files/docs/210301_Turf%20Laboratory%20Testing%20Report%20Review_HWSIGNED%281%29.pdf
Community Campus, Portsmouth, NH
Testing performed on virgin field materials in Portsmouth, New Hampshire found measurable PFAS in all artificial field turf components, including one well known and several unknown, proprietary PFAS, for which we have no toxicity information whatsoever. This testing was also performed without proper SPLP prior and STILL found PFAS.
PFAS testing of the carpet material found detectable levels of Bis(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl) carbonate, as well as at least 12 other unidentifiable PFAS compounds for which there are no analytical standards available for calibration or comparison in the Eurofins library of over 5,070 PFAS.
The TOP oxidation process revealed that at least some of the materials leaching from the carpet will oxidize into PFBA, PFHxA, PFOS, PFPeA, Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid - known as HFPO-DA or GenX, and a proprietary PFAS called Pentafluoropentionic Acid (PPF Acid), information about which was found in a 2019 Chemours process and non-process wastewater and stormwater PFAS monitoring report.
Testing of Community Campus Field components
PFAS testing of the carpet material found detectable levels of Bis(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl) carbonate, as well as at least 12 other unidentifiable PFAS compounds for which there are no analytical standards available for calibration or comparison in the Eurofins library of over 5,070 PFAS.
The TOP oxidation process revealed that at least some of the materials leaching from the carpet will oxidize into PFBA, PFHxA, PFOS, PFPeA, Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid - known as HFPO-DA or GenX, and a proprietary PFAS called Pentafluoropentionic Acid (PPF Acid), information about which was found in a 2019 Chemours process and non-process wastewater and stormwater PFAS monitoring report.
Testing of Community Campus Field components
Tom Daubney Field, Portsmouth High School, Portsmouth, NH
TOTAL FLUORINE ANALYSIS
“One sample of turf fiber we tested was from the Tom Daubney Field in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, which had 79 parts per million (ppm) fluorine (Sample ID 120355, page two on attached lab report). This sample was tested by Oxygen Flask Combustion with Ion-Selective Electrode. The level of fluorine detected indicates PFAS were present in or on the turf fibers.” - Jeff Gearhart, Research Director, Ecology Center
View the test results at the bottom of page 2 of the Galbraith Laboratory Report.
The Ecology Center Letter and Galbraith Laboratory Report Retrieved on 3/12/23 from: https://nontoxicdovernh.files.wordpress.com/2020/06/june1_portsmouthpfas.pdf and:
https://nontoxicdovernh.files.wordpress.com/2020/06/totalflabreport120355.pdf
“One sample of turf fiber we tested was from the Tom Daubney Field in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, which had 79 parts per million (ppm) fluorine (Sample ID 120355, page two on attached lab report). This sample was tested by Oxygen Flask Combustion with Ion-Selective Electrode. The level of fluorine detected indicates PFAS were present in or on the turf fibers.” - Jeff Gearhart, Research Director, Ecology Center
View the test results at the bottom of page 2 of the Galbraith Laboratory Report.
The Ecology Center Letter and Galbraith Laboratory Report Retrieved on 3/12/23 from: https://nontoxicdovernh.files.wordpress.com/2020/06/june1_portsmouthpfas.pdf and:
https://nontoxicdovernh.files.wordpress.com/2020/06/totalflabreport120355.pdf
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Harvard-Westlake, los angeles, ca
Perfluoro-2-methoxypropanoic acid (PMPA) was detected in the pre-oxidation sample.
Perflurorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and Perfluoro-2-methoxypropianic acid (MTP) were quantified in the post-oxidation sample at concentrations of 1.7 micrograms per kilogram (μg/kg) and 5.9 μg/kg, respectively. (1700 ppt and 5900 ppt)
and
Perfluoropropionic acid (PFPrA), Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and Perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) were detected in the post-oxidation sample.
https://planning.lacity.org/eir/Harvard-Westlake_River_Park_Project/feir/FEIR%20Appendices/Appendix%20E.3%20-%20FieldTurf%20Testing%20Report.pdf
Perflurorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and Perfluoro-2-methoxypropianic acid (MTP) were quantified in the post-oxidation sample at concentrations of 1.7 micrograms per kilogram (μg/kg) and 5.9 μg/kg, respectively. (1700 ppt and 5900 ppt)
and
Perfluoropropionic acid (PFPrA), Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and Perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) were detected in the post-oxidation sample.
https://planning.lacity.org/eir/Harvard-Westlake_River_Park_Project/feir/FEIR%20Appendices/Appendix%20E.3%20-%20FieldTurf%20Testing%20Report.pdf
Other infill types that we don't have testing for yet include infills made from: olive pits, zeolite, and "corkonut" (mix of coconut husk and cork by GreenPlay USA)
The Lowell Center for Sustainable Production has produced an overview of infill materials.
The Lowell Center for Sustainable Production has produced an overview of infill materials.
Crumb Rubber (Los Angeles, CA and others)
Chemicals of concern in tire crumb include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and others (volatile organic compounds (VOCs), plasticizers, antioxidants and additives, and now PFAS. Crumb rubber was included in evaluation for the Harvard-Westlake project in Los Angeles, CA.
Washington State University 6PPD Coho Salmon Update
University of Washington 6PPD Coho Salmon
Testing for Harvard-Westlake River Park Project Los Angeles CA.pdf
- Benzothiazoles, Phthalates, Phenols, PAHs, bisphenol A (BPA), Benzo[a]pyrene, Zinc, Selenium, and Lead
- 6PPD
- PFAS
Washington State University 6PPD Coho Salmon Update
University of Washington 6PPD Coho Salmon
Testing for Harvard-Westlake River Park Project Los Angeles CA.pdf
Brockfill (Oak Bluffs, MA)
Round 1 analytical laboratory testing of the Brockfill sample for the Martha's Vineyard Commission quantified the following compounds:
Phenol, 2-Methylphenol, 3-Methylphenol/4-Methylphenol, Benzyl Alcohol, PFHxA, and PFHpA.
Round 1 testing also returned positive detections (with concentration estimates) for: PFPeA, 2-Methylphenol, 2,4-Dimethylphenol, and 3-Methylphenol/4-Methylphenol
Round 2 Total Oxidizable Precursor Testing revealed significant PFBA and PFHpA concentrations in the post-oxidation sample.
PFAS result charts are included below.
For more information, see References 1-3 at the bottom of the page.
Phenol, 2-Methylphenol, 3-Methylphenol/4-Methylphenol, Benzyl Alcohol, PFHxA, and PFHpA.
Round 1 testing also returned positive detections (with concentration estimates) for: PFPeA, 2-Methylphenol, 2,4-Dimethylphenol, and 3-Methylphenol/4-Methylphenol
Round 2 Total Oxidizable Precursor Testing revealed significant PFBA and PFHpA concentrations in the post-oxidation sample.
PFAS result charts are included below.
For more information, see References 1-3 at the bottom of the page.
Safeshell (Portsmouth, NH)
PFAS testing of the infill material (Greentech Safeshell) found detectable levels of PEPA (Perfluoro-2-ethoxypropanoic acid), PFO2HxA (Perfluoro (3,5-dioxahexanoic)acid), Perfluoropentanoic Acid (PFPeA), PMPA (Perfluoro-2-methoxypropanoic acid), PFMOAA (Perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid), and PPF Acid (Perfluoropropionic Acid) as well as at least 3 other unidentifiable PFAS compounds for which there are no analytical standards available for calibration.
The TOP oxidation process revealed that at least some of the materials leaching from the infill will oxidize into 6:2 FTCA (6:2 Fluorotelomer carboxylic acid), PFO2HxA (Perfluoro (3,5-dioxahexanoic)acid), 6:2 FTUCA (6:2 Fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid), and TAF (Perfluoro (3,5,7,9,11-pentaoxadodecanoic) acid.
Testing of Community Campus Field components
The TOP oxidation process revealed that at least some of the materials leaching from the infill will oxidize into 6:2 FTCA (6:2 Fluorotelomer carboxylic acid), PFO2HxA (Perfluoro (3,5-dioxahexanoic)acid), 6:2 FTUCA (6:2 Fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid), and TAF (Perfluoro (3,5,7,9,11-pentaoxadodecanoic) acid.
Testing of Community Campus Field components
When an infill other than crumb rubber (alternative infill) is chosen, in order to mitigate field hardness, a shock pad is required to be laid under the synthetic turf field system. Often consultants will also recommend shock pads under fields where crumb rubber is chosen.
In presentations to municipalities, engineering consultants have claimed that the pads would be made of recycled turf carpet. We have not yet been able to confirm that claim.
In presentations to municipalities, engineering consultants have claimed that the pads would be made of recycled turf carpet. We have not yet been able to confirm that claim.
Brock USA YSR Shockpad (Oak Bluffs, MA)
Round 1 analytical laboratory testing of the Brock USA Shocked for the Martha's Vineyard Commission revealed positive detections for PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, and PFOA. Round 2 results from the Total Oxidizable Precursor assay reveal significantly high PFBA results.
See related charts and references 1-3 below.
See related charts and references 1-3 below.
Schmitz Foam Products (ProPlay Pad) (Portsmouth, NH)
From the Schmitz Foam ProPlay pad…
PFAS testing of the pad material found detectable levels of PFNA, PFTrDA, PFUnA, as well as at least 2 other unidentifiable PFAS compounds for which there are no analytical standards available for calibration.
The TOP oxidation process revealed that at least some of the materials leaching from the pad will oxidize into PFHxA, PFHpA, Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid, also called HFPO-DA or GenX, Pentafluoropentionic Acid (PPF Acid), and another proprietary PFAS called R-EVE, information about which was found in that same Chemours process and non-process wastewater and stormwater PFAS monitoring report.
Testing of Community Campus Field components
PFAS testing of the pad material found detectable levels of PFNA, PFTrDA, PFUnA, as well as at least 2 other unidentifiable PFAS compounds for which there are no analytical standards available for calibration.
The TOP oxidation process revealed that at least some of the materials leaching from the pad will oxidize into PFHxA, PFHpA, Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid, also called HFPO-DA or GenX, Pentafluoropentionic Acid (PPF Acid), and another proprietary PFAS called R-EVE, information about which was found in that same Chemours process and non-process wastewater and stormwater PFAS monitoring report.
Testing of Community Campus Field components
references
1. Phase I Martha's Vineyard Commission Report Retrieved on 3/12/23 from: HTTPS://WWW.MVCOMMISSION.ORG/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/DOCS/ALPHA_ANALYTICAL_REPORT_1-7-21.PDF
| mvc_alpha_analytical_report_1-7-21.pdf |
2. TetraTech Final Report for Martha's Vineyard Commission Retrieved on 3/12/23 from:
https://www.mvcommission.org/sites/default/files/docs/2021-02-26%20%28TurfAnalysisReport_FINAL%29.pdf
https://www.mvcommission.org/sites/default/files/docs/2021-02-26%20%28TurfAnalysisReport_FINAL%29.pdf
| 2021-02-26__turfanalysisreport_final_.pdf |
3. Horsley Whitten review of TetraTech Report for Martha's Vineyard Commission Retrieved on 3/12/23 from:
https://www.mvcommission.org/sites/default/files/docs/210301_Turf%20Laboratory%20Testing%20Report%20Review_HWSIGNED%281%29.pdf
https://www.mvcommission.org/sites/default/files/docs/210301_Turf%20Laboratory%20Testing%20Report%20Review_HWSIGNED%281%29.pdf
| 210301_turf_laboratory_testing_report_review_hwsigned_1_.pdf |
4. TRC Memo to Portsmouth, NH w Analytical Laboratory Report Retrieved on 3/12/23 from: https://www.cityofportsmouth.com/sites/default/files/2022-06/Technical%20Memorandum_Portsmouth_Final.pdf
| technical_memorandum_portsmouth_final.pdf |
5. STC Testimony to CA for AB 1423 on 6/21/23 regarding PFAS use in manufacturing:
| stc_president_testimony_ca_ab_1423_6_21_23.pdf |
6. Field component testing for Sharon, MA as performed by consultant, David Teter: Google Drive Folders
7. FieldTurf PFAS letter
| pfas-general-letter_field_turf.pdf |
8. FieldTurf PFAS Q&A
| fieldturf_pfas-q_a.pdf |
9. David Teter Consulting FieldTurf Synthetic Turf Carpet testing report
| 2019-fieldturf-synthetic-turf-carpet-pfas-testing_report_teter.pdf |
All data gathered from the public record.